Psychology Assignment - Genders Construction Based On Social Entituies - 275 Words

Psychology Assignment - Genders Construction Based On Social Entituies (Essay Sample) Content: The Social Construction of GenderStudent NameInstitution AffiliationInstructor NameCourse NameDateThe Social Construction of GenderGender is socially constructed because of the influences through individual development. Gender differ depending on the manner in which the society member assesses the roles of males and females. Gender identity in any society can be influenced by the group ethnicity, cultural background, historical background, religion and family values. In addition, gender is a structural feature of society and sociological importance of gender is advice in which society controls its members. Like race and social class, gender can be utilized to socially categorize individual and even lead to discrimination and prejudice (Grohmann, 2015). This prejudice and discrimination depend on attitudes developed by individual towards a person based on the group membership. Thus, gender is more than sex in which an individual is born onto, but the roles in which so ciety channeled to male or female. Therefore, gender is socially influenced by society rather than biologic preferences (Grohmann, 2015).We human beings are aware of gender even before any basic entities such nationality or ethnicity. Much of consumer behavior is usually is driven by gender and various gender targeted depends on packaging to bestow an aura of masculinity or femininity. Through my visit to the community, I identify five personal hygiene product whose packaging is based on society gender construction. The first product was razors both refillable and disposables (Auster Mansbach, 2012). Razors from a brand like Schick, Bic, and Gillette have models for both women and men. Razors are one of the grooming brands with most variance. Therefore, one can notice easily womens razors are expensive than mens. so what is the dealing with the same mechanism and technology are applied in a production of both brands (Auster Mansbach, 2012). This difference lies on the idea that wo mens razors can shape large area of our bodies and has rounded cutting to shave hair in the best position while mens razors are packaged to shave the thicker hair the grows in their faces. The second product is deodorants. Though there is no difference in women and man sweats, deodorants are usually packaged in gender line. This is because marketers believe that woman spend up to $1800 annually for this product while men spend partially half of it. Thus, the packaging is the major gender barrier deodorant companies use to sell their product (Funk Oly, 2016). when on observe closely the women deodorant, it can notice that packaging is light, colored and slim with it a scent being floral fresh or soft. On the other hand, mens deodorant is packaged in bulk with bold font and has a name such as smell lockdown, ultimate sports scent blocker or ultra-sweat guard (Funk Oly, 2016).The third product that I identify was shampoo. Marketing plays an important part is selling womens and mens shampoo. The main difference lies in fragrance. The mens shampoo has fragrance which appeals to men in aromatherapy and holistic manner. This is because men usually turned off by the smel...

Charismatic Leadership And Transformational Leadership

The modern context The above two theories have largely shaped the conversation around charismatic leadership, providing the theory with context and testable characteristics. The two theories, along with other research in the leadership model, have revived the trait-based approach to leadership. Since charismatic leadership is linked with personal traits and the transformation of subordinates, the current conversation around the model often links it with transformational leadership theory. Both of these theories seek radical changes around the organisational structure they operate in, yet there are certain important differences between the two. While charisma can improve the effectiveness of leadership, transformational leaders don’t necessarily have to be perceived as charismatic in order to rule efficiently. Furthermore, transformational leadership always has change at the heart of it, whereas charismatic leadership might not be interested in changing the operation structure of the organisation. Nonetheless, in current literature, charismatic leadership has assumed a more benevolent approach to leadership. Instead of focusing on a strong moral conviction and the personality traits of the leader, the inclusion of transformational elements has added a behaviour element to the theory. Aside from linking charismatic leadership with other leadership styles, such as transformational and inspirational leadership, the focus has also moved even more towards the emotional,Show MoreRelatedCharismatic Leadership And Transformational Leadership2011 Words   |  9 Pagesindividual is set apart from the common man and treated as a gem with supremacies (Charismatic vs. Transformational, 2011). Whereas the transformational theory is defined as leaders who enthuse followers to use their own egocentricities to benefit the organization (Charismatic vs. Transformational, 2011). These leaders also possess a gift of having a great impact on their followers (Charismatic vs. Transformational, 2011). Theories are apprehended around the world and almost every aspect of life possessesRead MoreLeadership Styles : Charismatic, Transformational And Authentic Leadership957 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral types of leadership styles: charismatic, transformational and authentic leadership. Theref ore, it is important to not only know and understand them, but to confirm which one will best fit the organization. Once confirmed, I will be able to know what type of leaders I would want to lead the department. Below are 5 questions that will be asked during the interviews: 1. Why are you open to new opportunities and why were you interested in this position? 2. Can you review your leadership experienceRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Transformational Leaders Essay916 Words   |  4 PagesSimilarities and differences There are many differences among the leadership theories. According to Schreuder et al. (2012) Well established theories of transactional and transformational leadership have been criticized for not including the situational context (p. 429). While transformational leadership is extremely motivational and follower-focused, transformational leaders lack the focus of assessing situations and altering their style to match it. Situational leaders, however, are adept inRead MoreImportant Decision Making Endeavors For The Organization957 Words   |  4 Pages Now that I have gathered the knowledge on my leadership abilities as a team, I will now evaluate my organizational leadership characteristics. Charismatic and transformational leaders are able to influence followers creating emotion, energy and excitement (Lussier Achua, 2013, p. 324). A charismatic leader is someone who followers see as extremely gifted, while having the gift of divine inspiration and supernatural qualities while transformational leaders positively lead, influence, change, andRead More Leader Characteristics Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pages Charismatic leadership is one of four subdivisions of the larger concept of transformational leadership (Bass, 1990). Charismatic leaders are self-confident, dominant, purposeful, articulate, influential, idealistic, and expressive. They have high energy levels, strong convictions, the ability to display empathy, and are risk takers (Bass, 1990). By stimulating ailing corporations, revitalizing aging bureaucracies or launching new enterprises (Howell and Avolio, 1995), charismatic leadersRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Transformational Leaders895 Words   |  4 PagesAs leadership is ability to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute towards the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members. Leaders use influence to motivate followers and arrange the work environment so they do the job more effectively. To start with transformational leader, transformational leadership is a leadership perspective that explains how leaders change teams o r organizations by creating, communicating, modelling a shared vision for the team orRead MoreEssay about Compare and Contrast Select Leadership Theories1455 Words   |  6 PagesContrast of Select Leadership Models Leadership comes in different forms and in different aspects of life from private business to government entities (Wren, 1995, p. 5). The models of leadership used are dependent upon the individual attributes of the leaders, for example traits, values, self-identity, skills, and competencies (Yukl, 2013, p. 136). A close look at select leadership models and how they compare and contrast with each other provides insight into the types of leadership that might beRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership And Leadership1260 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this essay is to identify and analyze two leadership theories in regards to how they contribute to helping leaders, lead and compare and distinguish the difference. This essay will explore 2 main theories of leadership covered in the unit, which are charismatic leadership and transformational theory. This two theories are well known in the filed of leadership. This essay will illustrate leaders who acquire these two main theories and how they used it effectively to achieveRead MoreLeadership Styles For A Leadership Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of the positive environment she cultivated. In researching the different leadership styles for this assignment, I believe that this is the style that she used with her staff. I was interested in learning more about transformational leadership and how I can cultivate this style in the way that I lead my current team as well as the way in which I lead future teams. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that promotes change as well as improves performance in the organization asRead MoreLeadership1292 Words   |  6 PagesPond to become a better organisation. Why is this case included in a chapter about charismatic and transformational leadership? As a leader, charisma is needed as it is a unique quality to differentiate leaders by their purposes, powers and extraordinary determination they had in them. The quality of charisma is so important as it creates desire for others to follow the leaders. Through charismatic leaderships, it enables the leaders to coordinate and cultivate the relationship with their team Charismatic Leadership And Transformational Leadership Charisma theory is described as a â€Å"gift†, or a unique superiority of an individual character. This is set by an advantage of which the individual is set apart from the common man and treated as a gem with supremacies (Charismatic vs. Transformational, 2011). Whereas the transformational theory is defined as leaders who enthuse followers to use their own egocentricities to benefit the organization (Charismatic vs. Transformational, 2011). These leaders also possess a gift of having a great impact on their followers (Charismatic vs. Transformational, 2011). Theories are apprehended around the world and almost every aspect of life possesses a theory behind them, whether there is action or unfolding someone’s personality. There are two leadership theories that will be conveyed, Charismatic Leadership and Transformational Leadership. Behind each theory is a founder that explains these concepts, James MacGregor Burns the founder of Transformational leadership (Conger, n. d.) and Karl Emil Maximilian Max Weber the founder of Charismatic leadership (Transformational, n.d.). Over the course of time, movies have been made, demonstrating these theories, for example an old classic â€Å"The Lion King† (Leadership Movies, 2008). This movie coveys both MacGregor Burns and Karl Emil Maximilian Max Weber’s theories. On August 3, 1918 MacGregor Burns was born in Melrose, Massachusetts (â€Å"James MacGregor,† 2014). Mr. Burns was raised in Burlington and underwent his undergraduate degree atShow MoreRelatedCharismatic Leadership And Transformational Leadership869 Words   |  4 Pagestheories have largely shaped the conversation around charismatic leadership, providing the theory with context and testable characteristics. The two theories, along with other research in the leadership model, have revived the trait-based approach to leadership. Since charismatic leadership is linked with personal traits and the transformation of subordinates, the current conversation around the model often links it with transformational leadership theory. Both of these theories seek radical changesRead MoreLeadership Styles : Charismatic, Transformational And Authentic Leadership957 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral types of leadership styles: charismatic, transformational and authentic leadership. Therefore, it is important to not only know and understand them, but to confirm which one will best fit the organization. Once confirmed, I will be able to know what type of leaders I would want to lead the department. Below are 5 questions that will be asked during the interviews: 1. Why are you open to new opportunities and why were you interested in this position? 2. Can you review your leadership experienceRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Transformational Leaders Essay916 Words   |  4 PagesSimilarities and differences There are many differences among the leadership theories. According to Schreuder et al. (2012) Well established theories of transactional and transformational leadership have been criticized for not including the situational context (p. 429). While transformational leadership is extremely motivational and follower-focused, transformational leaders lack the focus of assessing situations and altering their style to match it. Situational leaders, however, are adept inRead MoreImportant Decision Making Endeavors For The Organization957 Words   |  4 Pages Now that I have gathered the knowledge on my leadership abilities as a team, I will now evaluate my organizational leadership characteristics. Charismatic and transformational leaders are able to influence followers creating emotion, energy and excitement (Lussier Achua, 2013, p. 324). A charismatic leader is someone who followers see as extremely gifted, while having the gift of divine inspiration and supernatural qualities while transformational leaders positively lead, influence, change, andRead More Leader Characteristics Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pages Charismatic leadership is one of four subdivisions of the larger concept of transformational leadership (Bass, 1990). Charismatic leaders are self-confident, dominant, purposeful, articulate, influential, idealistic, and expressive. They have high energy levels, strong convictions, the ability to display empathy, and are risk takers (Bass, 1990). By stimulating ailing corporations, revitalizing aging bureaucracies or launching new enterprises (Howell and Avolio, 1995), charismatic leadersRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Transformational Leaders895 Words   |  4 PagesAs leadership is ability to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute towards the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members. Leaders use influence to motivate followers and arrange the work environment so they do the job more effectively. To start with transformational leader, transformational leadership is a leadership perspective that explains how leaders change teams o r organizations by creating, communicating, modelling a shared vision for the team orRead MoreEssay about Compare and Contrast Select Leadership Theories1455 Words   |  6 PagesContrast of Select Leadership Models Leadership comes in different forms and in different aspects of life from private business to government entities (Wren, 1995, p. 5). The models of leadership used are dependent upon the individual attributes of the leaders, for example traits, values, self-identity, skills, and competencies (Yukl, 2013, p. 136). A close look at select leadership models and how they compare and contrast with each other provides insight into the types of leadership that might beRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership And Leadership1260 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this essay is to identify and analyze two leadership theories in regards to how they contribute to helping leaders, lead and compare and distinguish the difference. This essay will explore 2 main theories of leadership covered in the unit, which are charismatic leadership and transformational theory. This two theories are well known in the filed of leadership. This essay will illustrate leaders who acquire these two main theories and how they used it effectively to achieveRead MoreLeadership Styles For A Leadership Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of the positive environment she cultivated. In researching the different leadership styles for this assignment, I believe that this is the style that she used with her staff. I was interested in learning more about transformational leadership and how I can cultivate this style in the way that I lead my current team as well as the way in which I lead future teams. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that promotes change as well as improves performance in the organization asRead MoreLeadership1292 Words   |  6 PagesPond to become a better organisation. Why is this case included in a chapter about charismatic and transformational leadership? As a leader, charisma is needed as it is a unique quality to differentiate leaders by their purposes, powers and extraordinary determination they had in them. The quality of charisma is so important as it creates desire for others to follow the leaders. Through charismatic leaderships, it enables the leaders to coordinate and cultivate the relationship with their team

Socio-Economic and Demographic Features of Kidnapping in...

SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF KIDNAPPING IN NIGERIA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY Abstract This study analyzed and reviewed the Nigerian print media coverage of kidnapping cases between 2005 and 2011. The focus of the study was to determine socio-economic and demographic features of kidnapping in Nigeria. Content analysis was adopted for the study as well as use of frequency tables for analysis of data. Anomie theory of crime based on Robert K. Merton’s analysis of Durkheim’s theory provided our theoretical frame work in this analysis. The study argued that a plethora of factors have been implicated as the causes of kidnapping in Nigeria. This paper recommends that some drastic measures be taken to nip in the bud the menace of†¦show more content†¦Kidnapping has of recent assumed alarming dimension in the states in Niger Delta region opening up opportunities and avenues for dangerous socio-political degeneration. This has implication on the social, economic and political development for not only the Niger Delta region in particular but also for the N igerian state in general. The degree of deprivation suffered by the Niger Delta people and the complexities that characterize their problems made them adopt the various strategies at different times. By 1990s resistance groups began to emerge. They had a broad ethnic base an epitomized by the Movement for the survival of the Ogoni people ( MOSOP) and the Movement for the survival of Izon Ethnic Nationality in the Niger Delta (MOSIEND). They organized rallies, civil disobedience, boycott of state programmes, violent protests, vandalisation of oil pipelines and wells, hostage takings and sabotages. These groups later discovered kidnapping as one of the strategies in agitating for their rights. OBJECTIVES The central objective of this study is to analyze socio-economic and demographic features of kidnapping in Nigeria. Specifically, the study seeks to: 1. Examine the categories of people that carry out kidnapping. 2. Categorize the kind of the people being kidnapped. 3. Analyze the bases for causes of kidnapping in Nigeria. 4. Determine the trend of kidnapping within Nigeria. RESEARCH QUESTIONS In order to achieve theShow MoreRelatedCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesAcknowledgements Introduction Using this Manual Planning Your Approach Designing the Teaching Scheme A Guide to Using the Work Assignments A Guide to Using the Case Studies Strategy Lenses The Exploring Strategy Website A Guide to Using the Video Material Exploring Strategy Teachers’ Workshops Teaching Notes for Student Work Assignments Case Study Teaching Notes 6 7 8 8 12 19 20 25 27 27 28 28 29 Chapters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Introducing Strategy The Environment StrategicRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagessocioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary chronological break points. In the decades that followed the Great War, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored, even expanded, their global political and economic preeminence only to see it eclipsed by the emergence of the Soviet and U.S. superpowers on their periphery and a second round of even more devastating global conflict. The bifurcated international system that resulted from the cold war standoff

Batman Begins Movie Review Essay Example For Students

Batman Begins Movie Review Essay Okay, so my reviews for the Dark Knight Trilogy are long overdue, so here we go. Batman Begins, otherwise known as the C. P. R of a franchise, So when i heard that the director of Memento was going to direct Batman Begins I thought hmmm, interesting, but it may be just what was required because lets face it, Batman died in the hands of Joel Schumacher (Director of Batman and Robin,Batman Forever), and now we have Batman again!! So Batman Begins is the story of Bruce Wayne, who after the death/murder of his parents transforms himself from an angry pissed off rich kid to the Batman, and I was really suprised as to how much depth they gave to the characteras in the previous movies I saw him only as a vigilante, end of story. In this movie they show that it goes deeper than that. I mean sure hes a pissed off rich kid, totally but then Liam Neeson who plays Ducard, his trainer gives him a path and trains him to be a ninja, yeah Batman is a ninja, yeah!!! nd Ducard teaches Bruce that if you are a vigilante, you can be killed or destroyed, but if youre a symbol, if youre something bigger than that, then you can become a legend, Mr Wayne. Basically, you dont die, even if you die, you dont die since as youre a symbol, that symbol can be assigned to anyone, it can live on, continue even after the original person( in this case, Bruce Wayne) dies. In the acting of this movie, everybody plays their roles perfectly, there are a lot of people to mention, so here we go : First of all, Oscar winning actor Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne/Batman, absolutely perfect, I mean, he had to play three roles in this movie, first, the billionnaire playboy who the city of Gotham thinks him to be,because lets face it, Bruce Waynes been gone for 7 years training, and suddenly when he, Gothams rich prince appears back in Gotham, this Batman guy alsy o appears I mean, he could be associated to Batman by the public, so in order to clarify all thair doubts and questions he acts like a drunken playboy, who doesnt give a damn about his city, its all about women, cars, money, so no one thinks that hes the Batman. Second, the Bruce Wayne that only Alfred and Rachel know and understand and thirdly, the Batman, thats when he unleashes all his anger, hes like the devil, he just freaks criminals out, he really plays mind games on them too, he just preys on their fear, like I said before, hes a ninja, so to the people hes like appearing from one corner and the next second from another, atleast thats what they show from the criminals point of view anyway (the scene in the docks). Secondly, Cilian Murphy plays Dr. Jonathan Crane a. k. the Scarecrow, I always thought that he was perfect casting for that role, but let me warn you, if you are a Scarecrow fan, this movie might piss you off, I thought that they used the Scarecrow in a way that was very relevant, but they dont use him THAT much, its not like its a Scarecrow show or anything like that, so if you want to see a lot of scarecrow, you might be a little irritated, infact thats like the only complaint that Ive had about this movie, that the Scare crows not used enough, nonetheless hes the perfect Jonathan Crane/Scarecrow. And then Liam Neeson as Ducard, Bruce Waynes trainer, perfect also. Liam Neesons a good actor, hes like he voice of god in Narnia and the voice of god in this movie too, as far as Im concerned. By the end of this movie though, youll be like Liam Neeson was perfect casting for this role, anyone would agree. And Michael Caine as Alfred, a comic releif in the movie. Being an old comic releif guy, thats a tough line to walk, cause if you over do it youre just boing to be an old boring guy and people will be like dude, get off the screen so that we can go back to the Batman please but Michael Caine was perfect for this role. .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 , .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 .postImageUrl , .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 , .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0:hover , .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0:visited , .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0:active { border:0!important; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0:active , .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0 .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf5048be77d74998320282312668ea1a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Villainous Behavior in The Truman Show EssayI cant see another Alfred at this point, I really cant. And another old awesome guy in this movie who is also the voice of god in another movi e is Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox. Lucius Fox is kind off like Bruce Waynes insider in Wayne Enterprises, you would think that Bruce Wayne wouldnt need an insider into Wayne Enterprises, but he does. And in the whole movie you keep on thinking, does he know Bruce Waynes Batman, does he not? ou dont really know, he never says, he never goes upto Bruce Wayne saying I know youre secret, now give me 10 million dollars, theres like this connection between them in which they both know what they do and they just keep it at that and helps him. And Gary Oldman as Jim Gordon was spot on, absolutely perfect. The guys a very diverse actor, he can nail anything, and he nails Jim Gordon. Hes like the Batmans unspoken partner in crime, at first people were saying to use Robin, but he doesnt need Robin, he has Gordon, perfect partner right there, and even rocks the mustache. So Batman Begins is an awesome movie about a guy who is stepping up to do whats right, to reinvent himself, to become more than just a man, just a vigilante, to become an incorruptible symbol of hope in his mission to bring back his city in the wreckage of its damn nation, its about stepping up and doing whats right, there is a sweet line said by Rachel in the movie What chance does Gotham have, when the ood people do nothing. This line affected Bruce Wayne the most who in turn doubles his efforts to save the city from horror struck end. Therefore, in conclusion I liked the movie, you know, its very different, it shows the origin story of about how Bruce Wayne becomes Batman. I give the movie 4. 2 stars out of 5.

Psychology Of The Internet Essays - Social Psychology, Collaboration

Psychology Of The Internet The Psychology of the Internet A Report on the Book by Patricia Wallace Summary of the Book Today, the internet is a growing community. Millions of people from all over the world go online everyday to check email, research, shop, or even just interact with someone halfway around the world. As this community grows, so does the number of interactions between people. The Psychology of the Internet examines the psychology of new behavior produced by this novel method of human communication. It also delves into the business sector of the internet and how certain companies are using this medium to increase productivity within their companies and corporations. Analysis of the Book The book provides several examples of how the internet can affect the quality of an organizations production. When used in the appropriate manner, the internet can facilitate interaction between a group 24 hours a day and is only limited by the availability of a telephone line. The idea that a person must be in work and at his desk for production is becoming more obsolete as companies realize the potential of the internet. One impressive way the internet can help companies is the workgroups that can be formed internationally. A workgroup is a group of employees striving to achieve the same objective. In the traditional sense, these groups are formed in a room with notepads for each person to help them brainstorm and meetings at regular intervals until the project is complete. The internet revolution is changing all of that. The workgroups are no longer governed by the geographical positioning of its members. I found this particularly interesting because the idea of having a supervisor in Manila, a Research and Development team in Cebu, and a sales group in the United States is becoming more of a feasible possibility than ever before. The internet can also help employees overcome inhibitions that they may not be able to in person. This is due, in part, to the amount of social cues that are lost over a computer. In a chat room, for example, the two employees might know nothing about each other, other than the information they provide about themselves. Therefore, any type of social stereotypes (i.e. sexism, racism, bigotry) is less prevalent than if perceived in the real world. If the employees have never met, social irritations may not be as readily triggered than if in person. For example, if I am irritated by a person who stutters when he speaks, the chances that he will do so over the internet are relatively low. This allows me to concentrate solely on the task at hand and not be distracted by insignificant things. The book speaks of how the internet groups, in the absence of social cues and orders, had to find a group identity online. In other words, the lack of social cues also has its drawbacks. Even if the members of the workgroups concede personal information about themselves, such as their race or ethnicity, the other members might have no physical basis for the connection. So if I wanted to bond with a co-worker who was a Filipino in California, I would more likely do it in person than online. This is due to the lack of human contact and the perception that I am merely interacting with my computer and not a real person. With this in mind, workgroups must find new bases for forming group coherence. The book speaks of the studying of several different multinational workgroups. All were given the same objectives to be completed in a given amount of time. However, only a few of the groups completed the task while only one group did it in the allotted amount of time. The study showed that the groups that failed lacked consistent interaction. After the initial meeting, the members of the group did not log on regularly to converse with the group. Emails were exchanged intermittently among these groups as well. The book states that the main reason these groups failed was that the interaction, already reduced by the lack of human interaction on the computer, was limited to almost nothing. On the other hand, the group that fared the best was noted as having the most email interaction and regular group

Cloud Computing Security Issues in Enterprise Organizations

Cloud Computing Security Issues in Enterprise Organizations Introduction Cloud computing has started to move beyond hype and into the fabric of businesses today. Small and Medium Businesses have discovered by utilizing cloud services, they can gain significant benefits including access to novel business application and state of the art infrastructure resources.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Cloud Computing Security Issues in Enterprise Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although Enterprise Organizations are gaining valuable insight into the potential benefits of cloud, IT directors still have concerns about the security of their corporate data in the cloud. There are three major security issues inherent in cloud computing that make implementation in Enterprise Organizations a challenge. These issues are: Loss of control over data and Dependence on the Cloud Service Provider (CSP) Spying These three issues can lead to a number of legal and security concerns re lated to infrastructure, identity management, access control, risk management, regulatory and legislative compliance, auditing and logging, integrity control as well as Cloud Computing provider dependent risks (CEPIS, 2011). This paper will set out to show that while there are significant security threats that an enterprise faces when it migrates to the cloud, there are solutions that can be implemented to mitigate these threats and ensure that the enterprise is able to benefit from the numerous advantages of the cloud without exposing itself to unnecessary risks. Defining Cloud Computing The concepts behind cloud computing have been applied for over two decades (CEPIS, 2011). However, the widespread implementation of cloud computing services has only become prevalent over the last 7 years. The National Institute of Standards and Technology defines cloud computing as a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing reso urces that can be rapidly provisioned and delivered with minimal management effort or service provider interaction (Chirag et al., 2013, p.562). Cloud computing offers a number of significant benefits, therefore making it attractive to many enterprises. To begin with, cloud computing utilizes a pay-per-use model, meaning that the organization only gets to pay for the services that it uses. Chirag et al. (2012) document that cloud computing present businesses with the ability to increase their IT capabilities on demand and without having to invest much in new infrastructure or training of personnel.Advertising Looking for thesis on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The enterprise is therefore allowed to focus on its core business concerns instead of dealing with technical IT issues. According to Chirag et al. (2013), many of the organizations in the US and Europe that have migrated to the Cloud en vironment have done so in order to exploit the advantages or cost reduction. Skendrovic (2013) reaffirms this observation by noting that most enterprises acknowledge that using a cloud solution is integral to maintaining future organizational growth and productivity. Concerns In spite of the widespread enthusiasm for cloud computing, there still exists significant apprehension about migrating to the cloud. Cloud computing brings about risks that an organization would not be forced to face if its applications were run in-house. A number of significant and valid security concerns have caused this apprehension. Loss of Control over Data When an enterprise makes use of cloud services it, in essence, relegates the control of data and applications to third parties. An enterprise that migrates from the traditional in-house environment to a cloud environment immediately relinquishes its control over the networking infrastructure. The cloud service provider (CSP) is in control of infrastruct ure including servers, log files, and incident reports. The first issue that arises is that the enterprise does not have control over the physical infrastructure where its data is stored. Chirag et al. (2013) assert that a reality for organizations that choose to make use of cloud computing is that their data will be stored off-site. Since the servers, storage space, and application programs are provided by external service providers, the organization will have a loss of control over the infrastructure. Enterprises expose themselves to a higher risk of facing unauthorized access when they use a cloud system as opposed to the traditional network system. Cloud service providers store data for various organizations at the same location. This stored data (data at rest) needs to be protected from physical and electronic compromise. A non-authorized user who is able to access the shared environment has access to the private data of the organizations that use the particular cloud computing service provider. The distributed nature of cloud system resources makes it hard to ensure data security and privacy (Qaisar Khawaja, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Cloud Computing Security Issues in Enterprise Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This risk is high since the cloud system typically has a high number of administrators and users. Malicious users can successfully attack a cloud control interface and gain control of an enterprise’s account. When this happens, the intruder will have access to the data stored in the account. Enterprises are likely to be co-tenants with attackers on the Cloud (Juels Oprea, 2013). This jeopardizes the enterprises data since the malicious co-tenant is well placed to carry out a successful attack. Since the enterprise does not own or control where the data is stored and processed, there is a threat of theft or misuse. If the cloud provider does not provide solid physical or logical security, the organizations data might be stolen. The organizations data may also be used in a way that the client has not agreed to. Cloud providers might use the data for different purposes from those originally notified to and agreed with the consumer. Pearson and Yee (2012) document that cloud service providers may gain revenue from unauthorized uses of client data such as resale of detailed sales data to competitors. Enterprises that make use of cloud services do not have control over the lifecycle of their data. Organizations that maintain data onsite have data lifecycle plans that determine how long the data will be retained and when it will be destroyed. When using a cloud service provider, the enterprise cannot be guaranteed that its request for data deletion will be honored. The organization might issue a command to delete data using its application program, but the service provider might continue to store the data without the knowledge o f the organization. Dependence on the Cloud Computing provider As previously noted, employing cloud computing services means that the enterprise will be using the computing resources of a third party; the Cloud Service Provider. This reliance on a third party to provide critical services might lead to a number of problems. To begin with, the organization is not in control of the availability of the computing services it requires. Since the services are provided through the internet, there is a possibility that temporary or permanent loss of services might be caused by Denial of Service attacks. Vulnerabilities in the network have a direct negative effect on the security of the Cloud. Chirag et al. (2013) declare that the network is the backbone of Cloud computing since it is the most crucial component of Cloud services.Advertising Looking for thesis on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Enterprises that make use of the cloud might suffer from access limitations. Since data and information flow occurs through the service provider, it is not possible to ensure that an organization can access its data at all times. The power to limit access control lies with the service provider who has overall control of the communication infrastructure. The enterprise is therefore at risk of having its data locked in by the CSP for a number of reasons including orders from the government. In addition to this, use of cloud services presents a transparency issue. Users are often abstracted from the details of how the applications run on the Cloud and in most cases, the organization is kept in the dark concerning issues such as the exact location where the data is stored and who owns it or what will be done with it. This lack of transparency means that organizations are at risk of having their data used in ways that they did not authorize. In addition to relying on the Cloud service pr ovider to make the computing resources available, enterprises have to rely on the cloud provider to provide adequate security for the data at rest. The enterprise has to depend on the CSP to notify it of any security breaches that might occur on its data or applications. Since the enterprise does not control the data, it might be unaware of any security breaches that occur. Pearson and Yee (2012) state that there are uncertainties about notification, including of any privacy breaches that occur in the cloud. The organization will find it difficult to know if any breach has occurred since the cloud service provider might be reluctant to reveal such information since it will damage the image of the provider. It is also hard to determine whose fault it is in case of a security breach since the comprehensive security logs are maintained by the cloud service provider. Spying Spying has become an issue of significant concern over the last two years. The issue of electronic surveillance ha s gained a lot of interest following the revelations that the US National Security Agency is engaged in rampant data collection. Use of CSP increases the risk that an organization might be spied on. To begin with, cloud services are provided through the internet creating an opportunity for government agencies to intercept data as it is transferred from one location to the other. Saroj (2014) suggests that this risk would not be there is an organization made use of an intranet where all the data was processed in-house. The relationship between the major technology companies that serve as CSPs and intelligence agencies increases the level of spying that enterprises face. Hamilton (2013) reveals that in the US, there is cooperation between technology companies such as Microsoft, Google, and Amazon and intelligence agencies. There have been reports of the NSA and the FBI being provided access to data from the cloud storages of these companies. When the CSP provides government agencies w ith access to its data, the organization’s information is open to illegal scrutiny by the government entities. The risk of spying increases when the data has to cross over geographical boundaries that are subject to different laws. Different countries have varying data protection laws. An organization that is storing personal data with a CSP operating in a different country might find itself subjected to different data protection laws in the host country. Saroj (2014) confirms that due to the exposure of the high level of espionage activities conducted by the NSA, most enterprises are likely to invest more to on-premise solutions for their technology needs. Solutions Coming up with solutions to the security issues inherent in cloud computing is integral to the future success of cloud computing. Undoubtedly, the pooled computing resources and multi-tenancy model utilized by cloud computing introduces new security challenges that call for novel techniques to address them. Witho ut feasible solutions to the challenges, organizations will continue to demonstrate reluctance to migrating to cloud computing. Solutions to Loss of Control Most organizations would like to ensure that they do not lose control of their data. This outcome can be achieved in a number of ways. Enterprises can enter into contracts to ensure that their data and especially intellectual property rights are protected even in the cloud (KPMG, 2013). Ownership of intellectual property should remain with the organization at all times. As such, intellectual property attached to the data or generated by applications that is hosted in the cloud should belong to the user of the cloud. The enterprise can increase control over its data by negotiating a customer-oriented contract with the CSP. Priya and Ward (2013) state that such an agreement should increase the liability of the CSP in the event of a security breach and increase the rights of the organization over its data. Ensuring that the CSP can only use the organization’s data in ways that the organization has stipulated is important. Many organizations are keen to ensure that unauthorized secondary usage or their data do not happen. Pearson and Yee (2012) warn that at the present, there are no technological barriers to such secondary uses and as such, the cloud service provider might misuse company data. However, this risk might be mitigated by developing legally binding agreements as to how data provided to the CSP can be used. Solutions to Dependence on the CSPs The problems of availability that are caused by the high dependency on the cloud computing provider can be solved in a number of ways. Enterprises can make use of multiple providers to ensure continuous availability. Most CSPs provide the data proliferation function which entails having data stored or processed at different data centers. Replicating data in multiple data centers ensures full-time availability since it is unlikely that all data centers wi ll be experiencing problems at the same time. Juels and Oprea (2013) state that distributing data across multiple cloud providers provides redundancy therefore ensuring that reliable cloud services can be obtained from unreliable components. The enterprise can increase their protection against data loss due to damage to the cloud infrastructure by maintaining backup storage. Organizations should demand that the service provider maintains an off-site data backup that can be used in case the cloud infrastructure collapses. The provide should also have a standby disaster recovery and continuity plan that will ensure that the clients are able to resume normal functioning in the shortest period of time after a catastrophic failure (Zissis Lekkas, 2010). Chirag et al. (2013) confirm that it is hard to prevent all the attacks to the Cloud network due to the distributed nature of the cloud. However, implementing security solutions such as firewalls, anti-malware and strong encryption techn ology will mitigate these threats. In addition to protecting the data from online attacks, it is important to ensure that physical security of the cloud computing infrastructure. This security can be assured by ensuring that the servers are located in a secure location where there is constant surveillance. Nkhoma and Dang (2013) notes that most CSPs make use of the best security technologies such as biometric screening to ensure that only authorized staff have physical access to the company’s servers. Saroj (2014) confirms that majority of the cloud data centers offer great security than on-site data centers. The safety of organizational data is therefore better secured in the cloud that it would be if the company stored the data on its own premises. The higher than average security is possible since most cloud providers have the resources and expertise to implement the best security technologies available in the market. Solution to Spying The ability of spying agencies to ac cess organizational data can be inhibited by encrypting data before transmission. Researchers agree that the greatest risk for data being transmitted to or from the cloud is poor encryption technology. Hamilton (2013) observes that organizations such as the NSA find it easy to spy on organizations since they access the data in raw text or they are provided with keys that make it possible to successfully decrypt data. Organizations should ensure that their data is always encrypted before it is transmitted over the network. Using strong encryption standards during data transmission will increase the user confidence that the data is not prone to attacks from opportunistic hackers or government intelligence agencies. In addition to this, the enterprise should demand for its data to be stored in encrypted form in the CSPs storage facilities. This would ensure that even if spying takes place, it would require significant effort to decrypt the data. The threat of spying is exacerbated if t he CSP allows government agencies free access to its databases. Cloud service providers should be able to tell their clients if the data in the cloud is being accessed by any government agency. This transparency will enable the enterprise to make an informed decision on whether to store their data on the cloud. Addressing the spying problem is critical for enterprises to have confidence in cloud solutions. Most US cloud service providers are aware of the negative effect that the NSA spying could have on this industry. In recognition of the damage that spying might have on the cloud business, many companies are enforcing security measures intended to ensure that governments are not able to illegally spy on users. Google enforces mandatory encrypting of all the data stored on its cloud on behalf of the clients. Organizations that make use of the Google cloud are allowed to manage their own encryption keys, therefore increasing the level of security. Conclusion This paper set out to di scuss the issues that an enterprise might face when it makes use of cloud computing providers as well as the solutions to these problems. It began by highlighting the increasing interest that organizations have shown to cloud computing due to the benefits that this technology offers. It then highlighted some of the major issues inherent in cloud computing. The paper has demonstrated that security remains to be the primary factor preventing most organizations from migrating to the cloud. From the facts presented in this paper, it is clear that these fears are valid since the cloud infrastructure has some major vulnerability that could lead to problems for the enterprise. It should be noted that most of the threats inherent in cloud computing are not unique to the cloud environment. Problems such as data loss, unauthorized data access and spying can occur even when the data is maintained by the organization on-site. The problems inherent in Cloud Computing can be mitigated by implemen ting the solutions proposed in this paper. References Chirag, M., Dhiren, P., Borisaniya, B., Avi, P., Rajarajan, M. (2013). A survey on security issues and solutions at different layers of Cloud computing. Journal of Supercomputing, 63(2), 561-592. Council of European Professional Informatics Societies (CEPIS) (2011). Cloud Computing Security and Privacy Issues. Retrieved from: cepis.org/media/CEPIS_Cloud_Computing_Security_v17.11.pdf. Hamilton, D. (October 11, 2013). Leaked Documents Implicate Microsoft in Giving Government Agencies Access to Cloud, Email, VoIP Data. Web Host Industry Review (WHIR). Retrieved from: thewhir.com/web-hosting-news/leaked-documents-implicate-microsoft-in-giving-government-agencies-access-to-cloud-email-voip-data. Juels, A., Oprea, A. (2013). New Approaches to Security and Availability for Cloud Data. Communications of the ACM, 56(2), 64-73. KPMG (2013). The cloud takes shape. Retrieved from: https://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPu blications/cloud-service-providers-survey/Documents/the-cloud-takes-shapev2.pdf. Nkhoma, M.Z. Dang, D.P. (2013). Contributing Factors of Cloud Computing Adoption: a Technology-Organisation-Environment Framework Approach. Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Management Evaluation, 2(1), 180-188. Pearson, S., Yee, G. (2012). Privacy and Security for Cloud Computing Computer Communications and Networks ITPro collection. NY: Springer. Priya, D., Ward, C. (2013). Cyber-Security Threats and Privacy Controls for Cloud Computing, Emphasizing Software as a Service. The Computer Internet Lawyer, 30(3), 20-24. Qaisar, S., Khawaja, F. (2012). Cloud Computing: Network/Security Threats and Countermeasures. IJCRB, 3(9), 1323-1329. Saroj, K. (January 8, 2014). NSA Spying Will Hurt Cloud Computing Software Spending in 2014. Cloud Times Retrieved from: http://cloudtimes.org/2014/01/08/nsa-spying-will-hurt-cloud-computing-software-spending-in-2014/. Skendrovic, D. (2013). Growin g pains in the cloud. NTT Communications Retrieved from: eu.ntt.com/fileadmin/NTT-Europe/media/PDF/Research_Reports/NTT_Research_Report_Growing_Pains_In_The_Cloud_FINAL.pdf. Zissis, D., Lekkas, D. (2010). Addressing cloud computing security issues. Future Generation Computer Systems, 28(3), 583–592.

Business Ethics and Social Responsibilities Essay

Business Ethics and Social Responsibilities - Essay Example The decision making process for incorporating ethics then becomes one of the most important values that are associated with businesses and the changes which occur in terms of defining and keeping specific ethical values. Decision Making Processes Traditionally, business ethics have been defined by the basic values that any corporation decides to reflect to the public and to implement within the organizational environment. However, the term is one which is now beginning to expand based on dimensional changes which are occurring within the corporation and in the environment. The decision making process to implement or change ethics is one which is now defined by the institution of business ethics and the changes which are required for businesses. Pressure from management and the association with the internal environment is one of the ways in which the process has changed. The influence of stakeholders, environmental concerns, social issues and political expectations have continued to i nfluence the process more with the recent trends in decision making processes. Ethical considerations not only relate to the basic foundations of a business but now also link to the internal and external pressures that are developing new standards for corporations (Ferrell, Fraedrich, 2009). The decision making process for ethics not only incorporates the various influences but also becomes based on the strategic implementation of plans, as opposed to the value and ethics which are primary for most in the business. The concept is one which leads to initiatives such as looking at the moral and value considerations and how this will affect the investments and finances. Stakeholder investments as well as the positive and negative influences are some of the areas that become primary considerations for ethical implementation. In a recent study (Hofmann, Hoelzl, Kirchler, 2007), it was noted that the moral considerations had a direct impact on the revenue which was created within the comp any. Moral behavior, such as the treatment of employees, had a direct correlation with the overall profitability as well as the expected dividends per share. Controlling profit, specifically when noted from this study, then directly correlates with the planning and implementation of moral treatment and ethical considerations and reflects with the stakeholder value and overall profits which are developed from a corporation (Hofmann, Hoelzl, Kirchler,2007). Processes for the Internal Environment The importance of strategically implementing the morals and values within a corporation lead to changes which occur with the internal and external environment. The effects which are created strategically are able to provide not only overall profit but also change the cultural effects within the organization. The process of ethical and moral considerations then becomes strategic for the overall quality and functions of an organization. More than having a foundation for the ethics of a business is the need to incorporate this in terms of the environment and how this will affect the different functions which one has. The process for the internal environment first begins with the decision making of having specific ethics that allow the managers and employees to follow specific rules. This is followed by reflections of the corporation that are associated with corporate responsibility which is continuously taken and a part of